Artificial Intelligence

Developing your own baseline knowledge of AI is a great place to start before diving in and taking a position for or against these tools.

The list below is also located the in the SMHS Library Resources' public zotero folder of AI readings. Additionally, see the much larger UND TTADA Zotero folder of readings on AI

Our choice for understanding how ChatGPT works:

Chiang, T. (2023, February 9). ChatGPT Is a Blurry JPEG of the Web. The New Yorker.

The following journals, unless otherwise noted, are available via UND Libraries' subscriptions:

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 

Impact Factor: 7.5; based in Netherlands; "publishes original articles from a wide variety of interdisciplinary perspectives concerning the theory and practice of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine, medically-oriented human biology, and health care." -from journal About page

Information Sciences

Impact factor 8.1; based in United States; "designed to serve researchers, developers, managers, strategic planners, graduate students and others interested in state-of-the art research activities in information, knowledge engineering and intelligent systems" -from journal About page

International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education

International Journal of Information Management

Internet of Things

Neural Networks

Network Neural Science - open access

Radiology: Artificial Intelligence

Impact Factor: 7.41; based in United States; "highlights the emerging applications of machine learning and artificial intelligence in the field of imaging across multiple disciplines. Radiology: Artificial Intelligence provides readers across multiple disciplines, including medicine and computer science, the applications of AI, machine learning and data science in the field of imaging... published, managed, and owned by the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and is published bi-monthly and available online. RSNA adheres to ICMJE’s policies on editorial freedom" -from Journal about page

John Warner, the author of the book Why They Can’t Write, has been railing against the five-paragraph essay for years and wrote a Twitter thread about how ChatGPT reflects this rules-based, standardized form of writing: “Students were essentially trained to produce imitations of writing,” he tweeted. The AI can generate credible writing, but only because writing, and our expectations for it, has become so unaspiring. (Bogost 2023)

Bogost, I. (2022, December 7). ChatGPT Is Dumber Than You Think. The Atlantic.

In New York Magazine, John Herrman analyzed the shifting nature of ChatGPT, which could be interpreted as a decline in the tool’s effectiveness, an impression perhaps confirmed by a Stanford research team’s finding that ChatGPT went from producing correct responses to math problems at a high of 90 percent to down to a rate of less than 3 percent in recent months.(Gannon 2023)

Ciurria, M. (2023, March 30). Ableism and ChatGPT: Why People Fear It Versus Why They Should Fear It. Blog of the APA.

Marks, A. (2023, January 18). Bestiality and Beyond: ChatGTP Works Because Underpaid Workers Read About Horrible Things. Rolling Stone.

Lucciono, S. (2023, April 12). The mounting human and environmental costs of generative AI. Ars Technica.

Perrigo, B. (2023, January 18). Exclusive: The $2 Per Hour Workers Who Made ChatGPT Safer. Time.

Wong, M. (2023, June 2). AI Doomerism Is a Decoy. The Atlantic.

Getahun, H. (n.d.). ChatGPT could be used for good, but like many other AI models, it’s rife with racist and discriminatory bias. Insider. Retrieved July 13, 2023

Hamilton, I. A. (n.d.). Why it’s totally unsurprising that Amazon’s recruitment AI was biased against women. Business Insider. Retrieved July 13, 2023

Liang, W., Yuksekgonul, M., Mao, Y., Wu, E., & Zou, J. (2023). GPT detectors are biased against non-native English writers. Patterns, 4(7), 100779.

Mattu, J. L., Julia Angwin,Lauren Kirchner,Surya. (n.d.). How We Analyzed the COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm. ProPublica. Retrieved July 13, 2023

Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C., & Mullainathan, S. (2019). Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. Science, 366(6464), 447–453.

Palmer, K. (2022, April 6). ‘We need to be much more diverse’: More than half of data used in health care AI comes from the U.S. and China. STAT.

Why Meta’s latest large language model survived only three days online. (n.d.). MIT Technology Review. Retrieved July 13, 2023

Smith, C. (2023, March 13). Hallucinations Could Blunt ChatGPT’s Success - IEEE Spectrum. IEEE Spectrum.

Alenichev, A., Kingori, P., & Grietens, K. P. (2023). Reflections before the storm: the AI reproduction of biased imagery in global health visuals. The Lancet Global Health, 0(0).

Ayers JW, Poliak A, Dredze M, et al. Comparing Physician and Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Responses to Patient Questions Posted to a Public Social Media Forum. JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183(6):589–596. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.1838

Singhal, K., Azizi, S., Tu, T., Mahdavi, S. S., Wei, J., Chung, H. W., Scales, N., Tanwani, A., Cole-Lewis, H., Pfohl, S., Payne, P., Seneviratne, M., Gamble, P., Kelly, C., Scharli, N., Chowdhery, A., Mansfield, P., Arcas, B. A. y, Webster, D., … Natarajan, V. (2022). Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledge (arXiv:2212.13138). arXiv.

Golan, R., Ripps, S. J., Reddy, R., Loloi, J., Bernstein, A. P., Connelly, Z. M., Golan, N. S., & Ramasamy, R. (2023). ChatGPT’s Ability to Assess Quality and Readability of Online Medical Information: Evidence From a Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus, 15(7), e42214.

Ross, C. (2023, April 27). A research team airs the messy truth about AI in medicine — and gives hospitals a guide to fix it. STAT.

Teng, M., Singla, R., Yau, O., Lamoureux, D., Gupta, A., Hu, Z., Hu, R., Aissiou, A., Eaton, S., Hamm, C., Hu, S., Kelly, D., MacMillan, K. M., Malik, S., Mazzoli, V., Teng, Y.-W., Laricheva, M., Jarus, T., & Field, T. S. (2022). Health Care Students’ Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence: Countrywide Survey in Canada. JMIR Medical Education, 8(1), e33390.

Alimardani, A., & Jane, E. A. (2023, February 19). We pitted ChatGPT against tools for detecting AI-written text, and the results are troubling. The Conversation.

Bartlett, T. (2023, July 7). A Study Found That AI Could Ace MIT. Three MIT Students Beg to Differ. The Chronicle of Higher Education.

Caines, A. (2022, December 30). ChatGPT and Good Intentions in Higher Ed. Is a Liminal Space.

Dobrin, S  (2023, May 15). Talking About Generative AI: A Guide for Educators. Broadview Press.

Edwards, B. (2023, September 8). OpenAI confirms that AI writing detectors don’t work. Ars Technica.

Fowler, G. A. (2023, April 14). Analysis | We tested a new ChatGPT-detector for teachers. It flagged an innocent student. Washington Post.

Leadership, P. R. M. I. for, & Teaching, I. and E. in. (2023). Generative Artificial Intelligence in Teaching and Learning at McMaster University. Paul R. MacPherson Institute for Leadership, Innovation and Excellence in Teaching.

Mikeladze, T., Meijer, P. C., & Verhoeff, R. P. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12663 European Journal of Education, n/a(n/a), e12663.

(2023, July 31). Advice | Should You Add an AI Policy to Your Syllabus? The Chronicle of Higher Education. 

Teng, M., Singla, R., Yau, O., Lamoureux, D., Gupta, A., Hu, Z., Hu, R., Aissiou, A., Eaton, S., Hamm, C., Hu, S., Kelly, D., MacMillan, K. M., Malik, S., Mazzoli, V., Teng, Y.-W., Laricheva, M., Jarus, T., & Field, T. S. (2022). Health Care Students’ Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence: Countrywide Survey in Canada. JMIR Medical Education, 8(1), e33390.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7. (2023). ChatGPT, artificial intelligence and higher education: What do higher education institutions need to know? – UNESCO-IESALC.

U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Technology, Artificial Intelligence and Future of Teaching and Learning: Insights and Recommendations, Washington, DC, 2023.

Sætra, H. S. (2019). The Ghost in the Machine: Being Human in the Age of AI and Machine Learning. Human Arenas, 2(1), 60–78.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7. (2023). ChatGPT, artificial intelligence and higher education: What do higher education institutions need to know? – UNESCO-IESALC.

U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Technology, Artificial Intelligence and Future of Teaching and Learning: Insights and Recommendations, Washington, DC, 2023.

In The Chronicle’s pages, you can find a primer on AI and teaching, advice on how to prepare for ChatGPT in your classroom, and tips on how to devise “compelling” writing assignments in an AI era.

Practical Responses to ChatGPT and Other Generative AI. (n.d.-a). Retrieved July 12, 2023. Montclair University.

Higher-ed futurist Bryan Alexander has compiled the most comprehensive online list I’ve seen of resources (both text and multimedia) on ChatGPT and AI tools.

Appel, G., Neelbauer, J., & Schweidel, D. A. (2023, April 7). Generative AI Has an Intellectual Property Problem. Harvard Business Review.

Edwards, B. (2023, February 23). AI-generated comic artwork loses US Copyright protection. Ars Technica.

Generative Artificial Intelligence and Copyright Law. Congressional Research Service. LSB10922 Christopher T. Zirpoli. May 11 2023. United States Congress.

Grant, D. (2023, May 5). New US copyright rules protect only AI art with ‘human authorship.’ The Art Newspaper - International Art News and Events.

Metz, C., Kang, C., Frenkel, S., Thompson, S. A., & Grant, N. (2024, April 6). How Tech Giants Cut Corners to Harvest Data for A.I. The New York Times.

Vincent, J. (2022, November 15). The scary truth about AI copyright is nobody knows what will happen next. The Verge.

Frąckiewicz, M. (2023, July 6). The Rise of AI in Occupational Therapy: A Paradigm Shift in Healthcare. TS2 SPACE.

Gadkari, S., July 2023, V. 28 • I. 7 •, & Pp. 14–18. (2023, July 1). The advent of artificial intelligence: OT and ChatGPT | AOTA.

Broussard, Meredith. More Than a Glitch: Confronting Race, Gender, and Ability Bias in Tech. 1st ed. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2023. (available via OverDrive, must create an account)

Forstag, Erin Hammers, and Patricia A Cuff. Artificial Intelligence in Health Professions Education : Proceedings of a Workshop. 1st ed. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2024.

Greenes, Robert A., and Guilherme Del Fiol, eds. Clinical Decision Support and beyond : Progress and Opportunities in Knowledge-Enhanced Health and Healthcare. Third edition. London, England: Academic Press, 2023. 

Tsoukalas, Lefteri H. Fuzzy Logic: Applications in Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, and Machine Learning. 1st ed. New York: McGraw Hill. 2024. https://www-accessengineeringlibrary-com.ezproxy.library.und.edu/content/book/9781264675913.

 Voeneky S, Kellmeyer P, Mueller O, Burgard W, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Responsible Artificial Intelligence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Cambridge University Press; 2022.